All about 3G - third generation of mobile telephony

What is third generation of mobile telephony (3G)?

3G referred to as the third generation of cellular technology that permits mobile telephony. and this third-generation standard follows two earlier generations that were deployed on mobile networks and across mobile phones.

The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) defined the third generation of mobile telephony standards International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth and support more diverse applications. for instance, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies could deliver not only voice,
also the circuit-switched data across mobile networks at hastens to 14.4 kilobits per second (Kbps). To supporting the mobile multimedia related applications, however, In actual 3G standard had to deliver packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency at far greater speeds.|

History of mobile telephony

The first-generation (1G) standard got its start within the early '80s with commercial deployment of Advanced transportable Service (AMPS) cellular networks by network providers. Before the AMPS networks used the frequency division multiple access (FDMA) to carrying analog vocalisation channels within the 800 megahertz (MHz) band across radio access technology.

The second-generation (2G) standard emerged within the '90s when mobile operators deployed two competing digital voice standards. In North America, some operators adopted Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), which used code division multiple access (CDMA) technologies to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel within the 800 MHz band. Across the globe, many operators adopted the GSM standard, which used time division multiple access (TDMA) to multiplex up to eight calls per channel within the 900 and 1,800 MHz bands.

To get from the 2G to the 3G standard, mobile operators had to upgrade existing networks while planning new mobile broadband networks. This led to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project was formed in 1998 to the foster deployment of 3G networks that descended from GSM.


3GPP technologies evolved as follows:

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered races to 114 Kbps.
The discussed Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.
 

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink hurries up to 1.92 megabits per second (Mbps).

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14 Mbps.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) -- or Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-
UTRA) -- aimed for 100 Mbps.

GPRS deployments began in 2000, followed by approach 2003. While these technologies are defined by IMT-2000, they're sometimes called 2.5G because they didn't offer multimegabit data rates. EDGE was superseded by HSDPA and its uplink partner, HSUPA. consistent with 3GPP, there have been 166 HSDPA networks in 75 countries at the tip of 2007. the subsequent step for GSM operators, E-UTRA, was supported specifications completed in late 2008.

A second organization, 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), was formed to assist North American and Asian operators using CDMA2000 transition to 3G. 3GPP2 technologies evolved as follows:

Single-Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT) offered races to 144 Kbps.
Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) increased downlink races to 2.4 Mbps.
EV-DO Revision A (Rev. A) boosted downlink peak speed to three.1 Mbps and reduced latency.

EV-DO Revision B (Rev. B) can use two to fifteen channels, with each downlink peaking at 4.9 Mbps.

Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) reached 288 Mbps on the downlink.
1xRTT became available in 2002, followed by commercial EV-DO Release 0 in 2004. Here again, 1xRTT is observed as 2.5G because it served as a transitional step to EV-DO.

EV-DO standards were extended twice. Rev. A services emerged in 2006 and were succeeded by products that use Rev. B to extend data rates by transmitting over multiple channels. 3GPP2's next-generation technology, UMB, didn't catch on, as many CDMA transportable network operators moved to LTE instead.

LTE evolved to become a core component of the fourth-generation (4G) wireless technology standard, providing the next peak data transfer rate than 3G. The 4G standard can provide up to 100 Mbps downstream and up to 30 Mbps of upstream bandwidth capability. Mobile operators first deployed 4G in 2009.

4G has since been superseded by the fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, which began deployment in 2019. 5G technologies offer even higher peak speeds than 4G, with a theoretical peak speed which will reach up to twenty gigabits per second (Gbps).